The
Oxford mint 1642-1646
Dating is by the old style, viz. January follows December in the same year
New Year began on, Lady Day, March 25th
10th January 1641 Charles fled from
London, realising his numerous political blunders had jeopardised, not only his life, but that of his family, and went to
York, his second capital, arriving there on 19 March 1641. Knowing War to be inevitable he set about to raise an army, as did the Parliamentarians. He believed he could recruit Irishmen fleeing from Catholic persecution in
Ireland, he moved to
Shrewsbury arriving on 20 Sept 1642. On the way he raised the Royal Standard at Nottingham on 22 Aug 1642, and declared War at
Wellington on 19 Sept 1642. Luckily, in July 1637 he had granted Thomas Bushell a licence to open a branch mint at Aberystwyth, so he had a well established provincial mint run by a very loyal servant. 28th September Bushell was ordered to transfer his mint to
Shrewsbury.
In the event it lasted only about 12 weeks before moving on. Charles decided to move closer to
London, and on Sunday 29th October 1642 he arrived at
Oxford and set up his court in
Christchurch College
15th December 1642 Bushell was summoned to bring his mint to
Oxford.
He arrived on 3rd January 1642 and set up in New Inn Hall, the site now of St Peter’s College, which had been occupied by Puritan students who had fled leaving the premises empty on the arrival of the King. Not only did he bring many wagons of silver ore with him but he also arranged for regular weekly deliveries from his mines of about £100
6th January Charles issued a circular to the various Colleges requesting them to “lend him their plate for coining at the rate of 5/- the ounce white, and 5/6 for gilt plate, to be repaid as soon as God shall enable us” Promising to pay 8% interest.
Being allowed to retain their communion silver-ware, 12 Colleges complied, with amounts ranging from 41 lb (Balliol) with 296 lb (Magdalen). Unfortunately, in order to save its plate,
St John’s College sent the equivalent value in money. The ploy failed when the King kept the money and still demanded the plate.
Bushell’s high grade silver was mixed with donated plate to uphold the standard. No Trial of the Pyx was ever recorded for provincial coins but, in spite of this, few if any were sub standard. Sir William Parkhurst and Thomas Bushell were made joint Wardens of the mint. Other employees were: Richard Nicholls, who had worked at Shrewsbury, and later moved to Bristol with Bushell, Robert Hunt who had originally been seconded to Aberystwyth from the Tower mint, and Thomas Rawlins, renowned for producing the famous ‘Oxford crown’ or five shillings, who was an ex pupil of Nicholas Briot. For expediency, Bushell used his current
Shrewsbury dies, until they wore out, or could be replaced. In the meantime a mixture of old and new dies were used; therefore many coins attributed to
Shrewsbury may actually have been struck at
Oxford. The person responsible for looking after the dies may have issued them randomly each shift, because there does not seem to be any logical sequence.
It is also likely that whilst a dated die may not have been used before that year, it is almost certain that it would have been used during the following year until useless
Bushell devised a new plume as a provenance mark for the
Oxford mint
The ‘
Oxford plume’ has a band (correctly termed a Label), with forked ends, which overlays the three quills below the coronet.
Not to be confused with the earlier
Shrewsbury plume, without bands, or the later
Bristol plume on which the bands weave behind the middle quill
From the number of varieties and surviving specimens of Provincial coins, in general, one can be forgiven for thinking large numbers were struck. In fact the output was only a small percentage of the total currency issued during the war, and often these coins did not circulate far from their mints. Their fascination to contemporary collectors is the main reason why so many have survived, together with the discovery of many hoards
The Oxford Mint operated from January 1642 until Sir Thomas Glenham surrendered the city to Parliamentary forces, led by
Fairfax, on 24th June 1646
By Thomas Rawlins
Obv. CAROLVS • D : G : MAG : BRIT : FRAN : ET • HIBER • REX
“Charles by the Grace of God, King of
Great Britain,
France and
Ireland”
Punctuation Lozenge stops
Mint mark Cross fleury
Elegant portrait of the king on horse back, riding to the left.
In his right hand is a long sword tilting backward
Below the horse is a view of the city of
Oxford, from the south, and the word OXON close to the horse’s belly
Signed with a letter R (Rawlins) below the raised fore hoof
Declaration style reverse
Legend EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI
“Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered”
Punctuation A sprig of flowers between each word
Declaration in two lines with two floral scrolls above and below
RELIG • PROT • LEG
ANG • LIBER • PARL
“To uphold the Protestant Religion, the Laws of England and the Liberty of Parliament”
Three
Oxford plumes and a letter V (value five shillings) above
Date below in script figures with OXON below that
1644
OXON
Only eleven specimens are known, two or which are in the
Ashmolean Museum in
Oxford
MB
